The Sahara (Arabic: al-As-Sahara Kobra, الصحراء الكبرى, listening, or the Great Desert sis a vast desert ecoregion located in the northern part of the African continent. It stretches over 5,000 kilometers from the Atlantic to the Red Sea and covers nearly 8 million square kilometers [1], an area the size of Australia. It extends beyond the Red Sea and geographers speak of a large Saharan-Arabian desert. The Sahara is the western part of a broad dry diagonally extending edge of the Senegal River to Mongolia.

Considered the largest hot desert in the world (see the list of major deserts by area), it divides the continent from north to south. It covers vast expanses of territory and extends the territory of ten countries: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara.

Contrary to popular belief, the sandy desert covers only 20% of the area of ​​the Sahara. Most travelers know the images of sandy deserts (Grand Erg Oriental and the Grand Erg Occidental) but neglect those mountains (Hoggar Tassili, Tibesti) hamadas, regs (Tanezrouft) and huge regions covered webs sand like Majabat al Kubra

Volubilis Volubilis
Morocco Location Africa
Location of Volubilis.
Volubilis is an ancient city Amazigh (Berber) Romanized located in Morocco, on the banks of the river Rhoumane river on the outskirts of Meknes, near the holy city of Moulay Idriss where Idriss I rests.

The archaeological site of Volubilis is located on the rural commune [1] Oualili, which depends on the prefecture of Meknes and Meknes-Tafilalet region.

Partially exposed nowadays, the ancient city blooms from the third century BC. AD .. as an institution Punic and grows rapidly from the time it enters to the Roman fold, exceeding an area of ​​40 hectares.

The monumental adornment of the city were developed in the second century, following the economic enrichment of the region. Located in an area with rich agricultural potential, this city lived trade in olive oil. Found in the ruins of many oil presses. This enrichment is also reflected in private architecture by building large villas with beautiful mosaics.

The region, considered indefensible, was abandoned by the Roman imperial authorities in 285. The city, urban community Christianized and Muslim city, continues to be inhabited for seven centuries. The Idrisid dynasty, considered the founder of Morocco, is founded in the eighth century. The eleventh century the site was abandoned and the population is transferred to 5 km away to the city of Moulay Idriss.

The city does not suffer substantial damage there seems to an earthquake in the middle of the eighteenth century. Subsequently the ruins are used especially for buildings of Meknes.

Identified late in the nineteenth century, the site is part of the protected heritage of Morocco since 1921. The site is the subject of archaeological excavations since the early twentieth century and half is released to date. The quality of the finds and the site has resulted in its ranking on the list of World Heritage by UNESCO. "An outstanding example of an architectural ensemble illustrating the organization of the Punic administration, pre-Roman and Roman Africa, [Volubilis] is also the place of permanence companies that have inhabited the extreme Maghreb

Timgad or Thamugadi ( Colonia Marciana Traiana Thamugadi in Latin) is an ancient city located in the territory of the eponymous town in Timgad , in the wilaya of Batna in the Aures , in north- eastern Algeria . It was founded by the Roman emperor Trajan in 100 and with the status settlement. This is the last deduction Roman colony in Africa. Built with temples, baths, the forum and its great theater , city, initially with an area of ​​12 hectares, eventually deal over fifty . Given its excellent state of preservation and the fact that the considered typical of a Roman city , Timgad was declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. The site , however, raises a conservation number of problems

The Casbah of Algiers, commonly called "the Casbah" (in Arabic القصبة "Citadel") is a historic district of Algiers including the old town a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1992. It is located in the municipality of Casbah, Wilaya of Algiers.

Founded by the Berbers Zirid Dynasty and enriched by the contributions of other Berber dynasties that have dominated the central Maghreb, it will reach its peak during the period of the Regency of Algiers, where it is the seat of political power. Conquered by the French in 1830 it will be marginalized because the power centers are moved to the new town. At independence of Algeria in 1962, it does not return to its urban center and will remain a marginalized area of ​​the city.

It is an example of architecture and urbanism of Arab-Berber medinas, symbol of Algerian culture, object of artistic inspiration and the seat of an ancestral know-how craftsmanship.

The medina is threatened by lack of maintenance and interest of its people and the administration, despite its ranking by Unesco. However, local players are struggling to live his tangible and intangible heritage.

Constantine (Arabic: قسنطينة, Qacentina) is a town in north-eastern Algeria, capital of 

Constantine, one of the oldest cities in the world, is an important city in Mediterranean history. Its former name Cirta, capital of Numidia, she carries for 17 centuries the name of Emperor Constantine I, who rebuilt it in 313. Constantine is also called the "city of suspension bridges", "town of the old rock," " City of Ulema, "also" city of eagles "or" City of Malouf "Constantine version of the Arab-Andalusian music, it is the regional capital of the East.

In 2015 the city of Constantine is Arab Capital of Culture, Algeria's second city to be chosen to host this event in 2007 after Algiers.

Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania
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The Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania , door
The Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania , called Tomb of the Christian , Arabic Kbour -er- Roumia , is a monument of the Numidian era , located in Algeria, the present municipality of Sidi Rached , about sixty kilometers to the west of Algiers.

Joined in 1982 as World Heritage under " Tipaza " for criteria (iii ) (iv) , the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania is also on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2002 under the " Mausoleums Royals Numidia, Mauretania and pre- Islamic monuments "to the criteria

The Hassan II Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الحسن الثاني) is located in Casablanca (Morocco).

The Hassan II Mosque is the fourth largest mosque in the world and has a minaret with a height of 201 m, the highest in the world. Artisans recruited in all the cities of the kingdom had carved 53,000 m2 of wood and assembled more than 10 000 m2 of zellige (ceramics) for the place of worship.

A large sunroof allows according to the wish of King Hassan II to connect the building to the air, considered one of the four elements beneficial to life, with earth, fire and water.

Designed by architect Michel Pinseau, it was built by the French group Bouygues, project management is ensured by the Ministry of the Interior; at the time headed by Driss Basr

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Les terres occupées par les Sanhadja du Maghreb central sont des montagnes d'une altitude moyenne voisine de mille mètres et les villes capitales sont construites en bordure des plaines sur des terrasses élevées protégées par des pics ou des chaines peu pénétrables. Ce sont des nids d'aigles d'où la vue pénètre au loin dans la plaine et surveille l'ennemi. Achir et Kalaâ se posent comme des sentinelles devant d'éventuels assaillants^[2].

Voie d'accès à la Qalaâ par l'oued Fredj et vue sur la plaine du Hodna

La Kalâa (« forteresse ») est située à plus de 1000 mètres d'altitude sur le versant sud du djebel Maadid à la limite nord des plaines du Hodna. Elle est entourée au nord par le djebel Takerboust (Guerboussa ou Gribissa) qui culmine à 1458 mètres, à l'ouest par le mont Gorayn (1190 mètres), à l'est par la vallée de l'oued Fredj dont les gorges constituent un rempart naturel. Le Takerboust présente sur son flanc une série de plis couchés qui ondulent suivant la forme des croupes découpées le long de sa pente sud. La seule voie d'accès est au sud un col sinueux qui longe la vallée de l'oued et qui s'ouvre sur la plaine du Hodna

National Park until

Cultural Park Tassili n'Ajjer ( Tassili National Park until February 2011 [1] ) is located south of Algeria in the mountains of Tassili n'Ajjer . This is one of the largest national parks in the world. It covers 138,000 km2 , and is the first park of Algeria by its size. It is classified as World Heritage since 1982 [2] and biosphere reserve by UNESCO since 1986 [3] . It is, the number of rock carvings called Wadi Djerat it houses, the first site worldwide .

Very arid Tassili n'Ajjer were in other times by green densely populated countries in pastoral civilizations

al quaraouiyine

Al Quaraouiyine (Arabic: القرويين ) is a university located in Fes , Morocco. Al Quaraouiyine (Arabic: القرويين ) is a university located in Fes , Morocco. According to tradition, its construction began in 859 during the reign of Idrisid dynasty. It is considered the oldest university in the world still in operation . [1]

In the twelfth century , a whole series of names among the greatest will be associated in one way or another to the Quaraouiyine : major precursors of Sufism Ibn such Hrizim , Abu Madyan , Ben Abdeslam Alami Mchich , Avenpace philosophers and Averroes , the geographer Al Idrissi but Maimonides and Ibn Khaldun to name a few

The Medracen ( Imedghassen tomb ) or Medghassen [1] or Madghis is a Numidian mausoleum dating from the third century BC. AD on the territory of the municipality of Boumia in the wilaya of Batna in Algeria. It is a gigantic dome encircled by columns with Doric capitals.

This is the oldest preserved ancient royal mausoleum of North Africa . According to medieval historians , it takes its name of a king of Numidia . It was submitted for inclusion in the World Heritage List by the Algerian authorities in 2002 [ 2] . It is ranked among the 100 most endangered monuments on the planet . [3]

Mazagan is the former name of the present city of El Jadida , a fortified city built by the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century on Morocco's ratings, which was not taken over by the Moroccans than 1769. The fortifications of the city Portuguese with its bastions and ramparts is an early example of Portuguese military architecture of the Renaissance.

The surviving Portuguese buildings are the Portuguese cistern, the Portuguese fortress and the Church of the Assumption, built in the Manueline style. This city is one of the first settlements on the route to India Portuguese explorers , it is an outstanding example of the interchange of influences between European and Moroccan cultures .

June 30, 2004 , at the 28th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Suzhou, China , the Moroccan city of Mazagan (El Jadida) is listed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage

Jemaa el Fna جامع الفناء in French : instead of the dead ) is a very famous public square in the southwest of the medina ( historic old town ) of Marrakech in Morocco. This traditional , popular and bustling mecca attracts over a million visitors per year and " the cultural space of the Jemaa el Fna " is registered in 2001 Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity [1] by the UNESCO

A journey is a movement in space , whether voluntary or forced , made ​​to a more or less distant point in a personal goal (eg tourism) or professional ( business ) or other ( deportation, war , political or environmental refugees ) , travel motivated by sports or socio- cultural or major events.

While the number of inaccessible areas, uncharted and unknown declined , travel has grown considerably and democratized during the twentieth century with the advent of modern transport increasingly fast and comfortable , the railway first, then the automobile and the airplane. This change was made with increasing negative consequences in terms of energy consumption and fossil fuels , fragmentation of landscapes and ecosystems by transport infrastructure and issuing greenhouse gas and other pollutants.

Great discoveries

Cantino planisphere realized in 1502 is the oldest representation of Christopher Columbus trips to the Caribbean, Gaspar Corte-Real in Newfoundland, Pedro Alvares Cabral in Brazil and Vasco da Gama in India. The meridian of the Treaty of Tordesillas is shown.
The Great discoveries are the historical period that extends from the early fifteenth century to the early seventeenth century. During this period, the Europeans engaged in intensive exploration of Earth, map the planet and establish direct contact with Africa, America, Asia and Oceania. The expression of discoveries Age is also used by historians.

The Portuguese began to explore the Atlantic coast of Africa in 1418 under the leadership of Prince Henry. They reach the Indian Ocean in 1488 around the Cape of Good Hope. In seeking a new route to Asia, the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus - funded by the Spanish monarchy - crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached in 1492 a "New World" America. To avoid a conflict between Spain and Portugal, the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divides the world into two exploration areas in which each of the protagonists will have exclusive rights to these discoveries. In 1498, a Portuguese expedition led by Vasco da Gama finally realizes the dream of establishing a maritime link with India by navigating around Africa. Soon after they reach the "Spice Islands" in 1512 and China, a year later. The explorations westward and eastward overlap Ferdinand Magellan when the Portuguese made the first circumnavigation of the Earth in 1522. At the same time, the Spanish conquistadors explored within US land and destroy Native American empires. From the fifteenth century the French, English and Dutch are getting into the race and challenge the Iberian monopoly on maritime trade. They participate in the exploration of the Americas but more especially that of Oceania. In parallel to the maritime explorations, Russians explore and conquer almost all of Siberia.

Travel is to move from one place to another in a short trip or a long distance or duration in any number of the following reasons :

Frequenting Works
Tourism
Trade or business
Visit relatives
Migration from one country to another .
Hajj , a traveling religious worship .
Treatment.
Inadvertently exploration and scientific research and investigation and information gathering .
Study Abroad ( application of science or scholarship ) .
Recognition of other cultures ( cultural exchange ) .
Recreation , relaxation and recuperation .
Attend the official events .
Diplomacy.

hotel

A hotel is an establishment offering a paying tourist accommodation service in hotel room or suite, usually for short periods.

Besides accommodation, the hotels often offer several services to their customers, such as the restoration or custody of children, and the use of facilities such as a pool, sauna, etc. Some offer conference services by offering the rental of meeting rooms, prompting the groups to hold conventions and meetings.

Etymologically, the term means any hotel building to receive guests. If they are passing, we speak of a tourist hotel. But the hotel term can also apply to mayors of major cities (city hall), hospitals (Hotel-Dieu), with mansions ...

Hotels motels are distinguished by the fact that in the latter, access to the room is from outside the building, while in hotels, access to the room is usually done from the inside, which can increase the safety of customers and provide a more upscale image to the institution. However, in France, several chains Motels (Campanile, Balladins, Formule 1 and Ibis some) use the term hotel.

Tourism refers to both a migration, the fact of traveling for pleasure outside his space of everyday life, the usual living spaces, and to reside temporarily, but also an economic sector that includes all activities related to satisfaction and the movement of tourists.

If leisure travel seem to exist since ancient times, tourism takes direction from the eighteenth century with the development of the "Grand Tour". In 1803, the term "tourist" appeared in the French language, derived from the English word tourist appeared in 1800 and refers to its travelers in foreign countries, for another purpose that business before returning home. Stendhal makes popular word with his book Memoirs of a Tourist (1838). One hundred years later, the League of Nations will give a definition of the traveler. The word "tourism" arrives later without cover a precise definition than that given by the Larousse Supplement 1877: "Tourism, usual tourist". Its definition is refined from 1960. In 2000, four international organizations give a common definition to the term. "The" tourism "includes the activities of people during their trips to and staying in places outside their usual environment for a consecutive period not exceeding one year, for leisure, for business and other reasons not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited